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The present report gives experimental and numerical simulation results for a pilot biogas upgrading plant using, PEEK-SEP™ polymeric hollow fiber membrane manufactured by PoroGen Corp., a US based company that specializes in industrial separation process. Technical gases composed of methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen with a composition similar to the real biogas derived from anaerobic...
The preparation of cobalt oxide (Co 3 O 4 ) films containing 1-D interlinked nanowires by spray pyrolysis technique using cobaltous acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 Co⋅4H 2 O solutions in 1:1 water–methanol mixture and study of their optical properties are reported in this paper. The films are characterized by using different physical techniques- X-ray diffraction (XRD),...
This study investigates the effects of the air–fuel mixture (charge) properties on the exergy balance in spark ignition engines. A thermodynamic cycle model including compression, combustion and expansion processes is used. The principles of the second law are applied to the cycle model to perform an exergy analysis. Variation of the exergetic variables during the investigated portion of the cycle...
Generally direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) from syngas (CO+H 2 ) containing CO 2 uses physical mixture catalyst composed of methanol synthesis catalyst and solid acidic catalyst for dehydration of methanol. But the distance between these two catalysts is far and easy to become separated. Here we report Cu/ZnO methanol synthesis catalyst which is directly loaded onto acidic...
Removal of sulfur from petroleum improves the performance of refineries and reduces air pollution from fuel combustion. Biodesulfurization can selectively remove sulfur from petroleum, but improved biocatalysts are needed. This study illustrates a new approach to obtain improved desulfurization biocatalysts. A synthetic gene (Sulpeptide, S1) encoding high proportions of the sulfur containing amino...
The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the effects of blends containing various alternative fuels and diesel fuel on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine. The considered parameters are brake power, specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiency as well as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide emissions. Blends of biodiesel, ethanol, methanol and vegetable oil...
Mesoporous SiO 2 -supported Ni catalyst was fabricated by atomic layer deposition (ALD), and the catalytic activity and stability were investigated in carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CRM) reaction at 800°C. The Ni/SiO 2 catalysts showed high initial activity and catalytic stability in the CRM reaction as a result of confinement of Ni particles with a mean size of ∼10nm within...
The performances of Ni–Co/Al 2 O 3 catalysts with the optimum composition were much higher than the corresponding monometallic Ni and Co catalysts in terms of the catalytic activity, the resistance to coke formation and catalyst life in the steam reforming of biomass tar. This behavior can be related to the formation of the Ni–Co solid solution alloys indicated from the characterization...
The paper reports on gasification of almond shells with water at high pressure (above critical value) and temperature. The experimental set up was a semi-continuous reactor, an innovative configuration allowing to continuously remove the gas product from the reaction vessel. The adoption of pressure conditions well above water critical value (30MPa) and relatively low temperature (300°C) confirmed...
Volatile–char interactions are an important phenomenon in almost all existing gasification processes. The volatile–char interactions can very significantly affect almost every aspect of low-rank fuel gasification, including the volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species that are inherent catalysts for gasification, the evolution of char structure, the dispersion of inherent catalysts...
This paper presents accounts of research on conversion of biodiesel derived crude glycerol to n-butanol via anaerobic fermentation pathway, using immobilized Clostridium pasteurianum cells. Experiments were done to optimize the growth conditions and growth medium, viz. Reinforced Clostridial Media (RCM) and Cooked Meat Media (CMM). Out of these two media, growth was found to be faster in RCM, which...
Rice straw was hydrolyzed and fermented to acetone, butanol, and ethanol by Clostridium acetobutylicum bacterium. Concentrated phosphoric acid and alkaline treatment with NaOH were used for pretreatment of the straw prior to enzymatic hydrolysis using commercial cellulase and β-glucosidase. The enzymatic hydrolysates were then anaerobically fermented by C. acetobutylicum. Hydrolysis of the alkaline...
Laminar burning velocities have been measured using the heat flux method on a flat flame adiabatic burner. Measurements were done for iso-octane, n-heptane, toluene, a toluene reference fuel (i.e., a mixture of iso-octane, n-heptane and toluene) and a commercial gasoline. The laminar burning velocities of the toluene reference fuel were in correspondence with the laminar burning velocities of the...
Stochastic optimization based on a simulated annealing method was carried out to determine the optimum steam and steam–solvent flooding strategies in a thin (4m) heavy oil reservoir both in the absence and presence of a bottom water zone. The steam injection pressure optimization case determined a technically feasible operating strategy. However, the cumulative energy to produced oil ratio (cEOR)...
Naphthenic acids and asphaltenes are two classes of materials indigenous to crude oils that are recognized as potential emulsion stabilizers. Reduction in interfacial tension and formation of a viscoelastic interfacial film are the two mechanisms whereby naphthenic acids and asphaltenes can contribute to emulsion stability. Synergistic effects of these two types of materials remain controversial....
With the goal of obtaining a high ethanol yield, wheat straw (WS) was pretreated with a 1.0% (w/w) NaOH solution. Further parameters, including temperature, enzyme loading, yeast concentration and pH that would affect the ethanol yield through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), were optimised by means of Box-Behnken design (BBD), a response surface methodology (RSM). All of the...
The impact of the interfacial properties of naphthenic bitumen is very relevant for road paving. In this work, we propose an approach for predicting the interfacial energy of bitumen in aqueous media based on contact angle hysteresis measurements. We measured the surface tension of naphthenic bitumen at high temperature with the pendant drop method. We estimated the surface energy of bitumen as the...
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